Why is Building Management System Vital for Efficient Operations?

Building Management Systems, commonly known as BMS or Building Automation Systems (BAS), are revolutionizing the way we manage and operate buildings. If you’re wondering why these systems are gaining so much attention and how they can transform your approach to building management, you’re in the right place. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll unravel the intricacies of Building Management Systems, exploring their benefits, best practices, and potential pitfalls.

What is a Building Management System (BMS)?

A Building Management System (BMS), also known as a Building Automation System (BAS), is a centralized control system that oversees and manages various aspects of a building’s operations. It is designed to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of critical building systems and equipment. The primary goal of a BMS is to enhance the efficiency, safety, and overall functionality of a building.

Key components and functions of a Building Management System include:

1. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning): BMS regulates and monitors temperature, humidity, and air quality to ensure optimal comfort for occupants while minimizing energy consumption.

2. Lighting Control: BMS manages lighting systems, adjusting brightness levels based on occupancy and natural light, contributing to energy efficiency.

3. Security and Access Control: BMS oversees security systems, including surveillance cameras, access control systems, and alarms, enhancing building safety and protection.

4. Fire Alarm and Life Safety Systems: BMS monitors and controls fire detection and life safety systems, ensuring a prompt response to emergencies and safeguarding occupants.

5. Energy Management: BMS optimizes energy usage by regulating equipment and systems based on demand, contributing to cost savings and environmental sustainability.

6. Water Management: In some cases, BMS monitors and controls water usage, contributing to water conservation efforts.

7. Building Maintenance Systems: BMS facilitates the scheduling and monitoring of routine maintenance tasks, helping to prevent equipment failures and prolonging the lifespan of building systems.

8. Integration with IoT (Internet of Things): Modern BMS may incorporate IoT devices, allowing for enhanced data collection, analysis, and communication between various building components.

Overall, a Building Management System acts as the nerve center of a building, providing real-time data, control, and automation to optimize operational efficiency and create a comfortable, secure, and sustainable environment for occupants.

Why is BMS Crucial for Building Operations?

A Building Management System (BMS) is crucial for building operations due to its integral role in enhancing efficiency, optimizing performance, and ensuring the seamless coordination of various systems within a building. Several key reasons underscore the importance of a BMS:

1. Efficient Operations:

   • A BMS streamlines and automates routine tasks, reducing the need for manual intervention. This leads to more efficient building operations as critical systems are monitored and adjusted in real-time.

2. Cost Savings:

   • By intelligently monitoring and controlling energy usage, a BMS can contribute significantly to cost savings. It helps identify areas where energy is being used inefficiently and allows for adjustments to minimize consumption, ultimately reducing utility expenses.

3. Enhanced Comfort and Well-being:

   • Through precise control over heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and other environmental factors, a BMS ensures that occupants experience optimal comfort. This not only enhances their well-being but also improves overall satisfaction within the building.

4. Optimized Energy Consumption:

   • BMS monitors and adjusts energy usage based on real-time demand. This optimization prevents unnecessary energy waste, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly operation.

5. Proactive Maintenance:

   • BMS facilitates proactive maintenance by monitoring the performance of various building systems. It can detect potential issues before they escalate, allowing for timely intervention and minimizing downtime.

6. Centralized Control:

   • The centralized nature of a BMS provides building managers with a comprehensive view of all systems. This centralized control allows for better decision-making, quick response to emergencies, and the ability to implement changes across the building efficiently.

7. Adaptability to Changing Needs:

   • As building requirements evolve, a well-designed BMS can adapt to these changes. Whether it’s integrating new technologies or modifying control strategies, the flexibility of a BMS ensures that the building remains responsive to current needs.

8. Data-Driven Decision-Making:

   • BMS generates valuable data about building performance. This data can be analyzed to make informed decisions regarding energy efficiency, system upgrades, and overall building management strategies.

The integration of a Building Management System is crucial for optimizing building operations by promoting efficiency, cost savings, occupant comfort, and adaptability to changing needs. It serves as a proactive tool for facility managers to create and maintain a high-performing, sustainable, and comfortable built environment.

What are the 4 basic BMS tasks?

The four basic tasks of a Building Management System (BMS) include:

1. Monitoring:

   • BMS continuously monitors various building systems and components, such as HVAC, lighting, security, and more. This involves collecting real-time data on parameters like temperature, humidity, energy consumption, and occupancy. Monitoring enables the system to assess the current status of building operations.

2. Control:

   • BMS is responsible for controlling and regulating the building’s systems based on the data collected during monitoring. This involves making adjustments to settings, activating or deactivating equipment, and optimizing the performance of various systems to meet desired conditions. Control mechanisms ensure that the building operates efficiently and in accordance with predefined parameters.

3. Analysis:

   • BMS analyzes the data collected over time to identify patterns, trends, and potential issues. Through data analysis, the system can detect anomalies, predict equipment failures, and provide insights into opportunities for energy savings. The analysis contributes to informed decision-making for optimizing building performance.

4. Automation:

   • Automation is a key task of BMS, allowing for the implementation of predefined strategies and responses without manual intervention. Automation involves the use of algorithms and logic to execute control actions based on the real-time data and analysis. This improves the responsiveness and efficiency of building systems, especially in dynamically changing conditions.

These four fundamental tasks—monitoring, control, analysis, and automation—form the core functions of a Building Management System, enabling it to efficiently manage and optimize the operation of diverse building systems.

Tips for Successful BMS Implementation

Implementing a Building Management System (BMS) successfully requires careful planning and execution. Here are key tips to ensure a smooth and effective BMS implementation:

1. Comprehensive System Design:

   • Begin by thoroughly understanding the unique needs of your building. Design a BMS that aligns with these requirements, considering factors such as building size, function, and existing infrastructure.

2. User-Friendly Interface:

   • Choose a BMS with an intuitive and user-friendly interface. A system that is easy to navigate empowers building operators to monitor and control various functions efficiently.

3. Regular Maintenance and Updates:

   • Establish a regular maintenance schedule for the BMS. Ensure that the system receives timely updates and checks to prevent potential issues and keep it running at optimal performance.

4. Training for Operators:

   • Invest in training programs for staff who will operate the BMS. Well-trained operators can troubleshoot issues, optimize system settings, and ensure day-to-day operations run smoothly.

5. Integration with IoT:

   • Explore the integration of the BMS with the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT connectivity can enhance data collection, providing valuable insights for more informed decision-making and improved system performance.

6. Scalability:

   • Choose a BMS solution that is scalable. This ensures that the system can accommodate future expansions or changes in building requirements without significant overhauls.

7. Cybersecurity Measures:

   • Prioritize cybersecurity when implementing a BMS. Utilize encryption and other security measures to safeguard sensitive data, protecting the system from potential cyber threats.

8. Energy Audits:

   • Conduct a comprehensive energy audit before implementing the BMS. This will help identify areas where energy efficiency can be improved and guide the BMS in optimizing energy usage.

9. Feedback Mechanism:

   • Establish a feedback mechanism for users. Regularly gather input from building operators and occupants to identify areas for improvement and ensure that the BMS continues to meet evolving needs.

10. Remote Monitoring and Control:

    • Consider a BMS that allows for remote monitoring and control. This capability is particularly valuable for troubleshooting, making adjustments, and ensuring system functionality from a distance.

Successful BMS implementation involves a combination of thoughtful planning, user training, and ongoing maintenance. By following these tips, you can optimize the performance of the BMS, contribute to building efficiency, and create a comfortable and well-controlled environment for occupants.

How does a BMS contribute to energy efficiency?

Building Management Systems (BMS) play a pivotal role in revolutionizing energy savings within a facility. These sophisticated systems leverage technology to monitor, control, and optimize various building functions, ultimately contributing to increased energy efficiency. Here’s how Building Management Systems bring about a revolution in energy savings:

1. Intelligent HVAC Control:

   • BMS optimizes Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems by intelligently controlling temperature, airflow, and humidity based on real-time data. This prevents unnecessary energy consumption and ensures comfort for occupants.

2. Dynamic Lighting Management:

   • BMS monitors natural light, occupancy patterns, and time of day to adjust lighting levels accordingly. By dimming or turning off lights in unoccupied areas, the system minimizes energy use, especially in spaces with ample natural light.

3. Peak Demand Management:

   • Building Management Systems can analyze energy usage patterns and strategically distribute energy loads, helping to manage and reduce peak demand. This not only lowers electricity costs but also contributes to grid stability.

4. Efficient Equipment Scheduling:

   • BMS enables the scheduling of equipment operation based on occupancy and usage patterns. This ensures that equipment is active only when needed, preventing unnecessary energy consumption during low-demand periods.

5. Optimized Energy Consumption in Unoccupied Spaces:

   • Through occupancy sensors and scheduling features, BMS identifies unoccupied areas and adjusts energy usage accordingly. This results in significant energy savings by avoiding the continuous operation of systems in empty spaces.

6. Remote Monitoring and Control:

   • BMS with remote monitoring capabilities allows facility managers to oversee and control building systems from a distance. This remote access enables quick responses to energy-related issues, reducing downtime and optimizing energy use.

7. Continuous Monitoring and Analysis:

   • BMS continuously monitors energy usage patterns and provides detailed analytics. This data-driven approach allows facility managers to identify trends, inefficiencies, and areas for improvement, enabling informed decision-making for further energy savings.

8. Smart Integration with Renewable Energy Sources:

   • Building Management Systems can integrate with renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines. By intelligently managing the use of renewable energy based on availability and demand, BMS contributes to a more sustainable and cost-effective energy profile.

9. Real-time Alerts and Alarms:

   • BMS can generate real-time alerts and alarms in response to anomalies or deviations from predefined energy usage parameters. This proactive approach allows for quick identification and resolution of issues that could impact energy efficiency.

10. Continuous Optimization through Machine Learning:

    • Some advanced BMS platforms leverage machine learning algorithms to adapt and optimize building operations over time. By learning from historical data, these systems continuously refine their strategies for improved energy efficiency.

Building Management Systems revolutionize energy savings by providing a comprehensive, data-driven approach to building operations. Through intelligent control, monitoring, and optimization, BMS not only reduces energy consumption but also contributes to sustainability goals, cost savings, and overall operational efficiency.

How Can a BMS be retrofitted into an existing building?

Retrofitting a Building Management System (BMS) into an existing building is a feasible and beneficial process that enhances control, efficiency, and sustainability. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how a BMS can be successfully retrofitted:

1. Conduct a Building Assessment:

   • Begin by conducting a comprehensive assessment of the existing building systems. Identify the types of equipment, control systems, and infrastructure currently in place. This evaluation forms the basis for designing a tailored BMS.

2. Define Objectives and Requirements:

   • Clearly define the objectives and requirements of the BMS retrofit. Identify specific goals such as energy efficiency improvements, better control over HVAC systems, or enhanced security measures. Understanding the desired outcomes helps in selecting the right components and functionalities.

3. Compatibility Check:

   • Assess the compatibility of the existing building systems with modern BMS technology. Determine if current equipment, sensors, and control devices can seamlessly integrate with the new BMS. If necessary, plan for upgrades or replacements to ensure compatibility.

4. Choose Scalable BMS Solutions:

   • Opt for scalable BMS solutions that can accommodate the unique needs of the existing building while allowing for future expansions or changes. Scalability ensures flexibility as building requirements evolve over time.

5. Select Communication Protocols:

   • Choose communication protocols that facilitate integration between the BMS and existing building systems. Common protocols include BACnet, Modbus, or LonWorks. Compatibility in communication protocols ensures smooth data exchange between devices.

6. Installation of Sensors and Controls:

   • Install additional sensors and controls as needed to gather data for the BMS. This may include occupancy sensors, temperature sensors, and other devices necessary for monitoring and controlling building systems effectively.

7. Integration with Existing Systems:

   • Integrate the BMS with existing HVAC, lighting, security, and other building systems. This involves connecting the BMS to the control points of each system, allowing for centralized monitoring and control.

8. Programming and Configuration:

   • Program and configure the BMS to align with the specific requirements of the existing building. Set up control sequences, define user interfaces, and establish automation rules to ensure optimal performance.

9. User Training:

   • Provide comprehensive training for building operators and staff to familiarize them with the new BMS. Training is essential for maximizing the system’s potential, ensuring efficient operation, and troubleshooting any issues that may arise.

10. Testing and Commissioning:

    • Conduct thorough testing and commissioning to ensure the seamless integration and functionality of the BMS. Identify and address any issues during this phase to guarantee a smooth transition to the new system.

11. Continuous Monitoring and Optimization:

    • Implement continuous monitoring and optimization strategies. Regularly review BMS performance, analyze data, and make adjustments as needed to maintain and improve energy efficiency and overall building operations.

By following these steps, retrofitting a Building Management System into an existing building can lead to significant improvements in energy efficiency, operational control, and overall building performance. The process allows older structures to benefit from modern automation and smart building technologies.

How is cybersecurity a concern with BMS?

Cybersecurity is a significant concern with Building Management Systems (BMS) due to the interconnected nature of these systems and the potential risks associated with unauthorized access and control. Here are key reasons why cybersecurity is a crucial consideration for BMS:

1. Network Connectivity:

   • BMS relies on network connectivity to collect and transmit data, allowing remote monitoring and control. While this connectivity enhances efficiency, it also introduces vulnerabilities, making the system susceptible to cyber threats if not properly secured.

2. Data Privacy and Confidentiality:

   • BMS collects and stores sensitive data related to building operations, occupant behavior, and energy usage. Unauthorized access to this information can compromise privacy and confidentiality, posing risks to both building occupants and the organization.

3. Remote Access Risks:

   • BMS often allows for remote monitoring and control, enabling facility managers to access the system from various locations. However, this convenience introduces security risks, as remote access points become potential targets for cyber attacks if not adequately protected.

4. Integrations with Third-Party Systems:

   • BMS may integrate with third-party systems, such as cloud services or external applications. These integrations create additional points of entry for cyber threats, and if not properly secured, they can be exploited to compromise the entire BMS.

5. Vulnerability of Control Systems:

   • BMS controls critical building systems, including HVAC, lighting, and security. If these control systems are compromised, it can lead to disruptions in building operations, potential safety issues, and adverse impacts on occupants.

6. Potential for Malicious Manipulation:

   • Unauthorized access to a BMS can allow malicious actors to manipulate building systems, causing disruptions or damage. For example, altering temperature settings, turning off security systems, or shutting down critical equipment can have serious consequences.

7. Lack of Standardization in Security Protocols:

   • The lack of standardization in security protocols across different BMS solutions can pose challenges. Inconsistent security measures may leave vulnerabilities unaddressed, making it easier for attackers to exploit weaknesses.

8. Ransomware Threats:

   • BMS systems may become targets for ransomware attacks, where malicious actors encrypt critical data or control systems and demand payment for their release. This type of attack can disrupt building operations and compromise data integrity.

9. Insufficient Authentication Measures:

   • Weak or insufficient authentication measures, such as easily guessable passwords or inadequate access controls, can make it easier for unauthorized individuals to gain access to the BMS, potentially leading to security breaches.

10. Firmware and Software Vulnerabilities:

    • Unpatched or outdated firmware and software in BMS components can contain vulnerabilities that cyber attackers exploit. Regular updates and security patches are essential to address these vulnerabilities and enhance system resilience.

To mitigate these cybersecurity concerns, organizations implementing BMS should adopt robust security measures, including encryption, strong authentication practices, regular software updates, and ongoing monitoring for suspicious activities. Collaboration with cybersecurity experts and adherence to industry best practices are crucial for safeguarding BMS and the overall security of building operations.

How to integrate BIM with Building Management Systems?

Integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with Building Management Systems (BMS) can enhance the efficiency of building operations and maintenance. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to seamlessly integrate BIM with BMS:

1. Define Integration Objectives:

• Clearly define the objectives of the integration. Identify specific data and processes that need to be shared between BIM and BMS. Common objectives include synchronizing building geometry, equipment data, and maintenance information.

2. Standardize Data Formats:

• Ensure that data exchanged between BIM and BMS adheres to standardized formats such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for BIM and Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) for BMS. Standardization promotes interoperability and smooth data exchange.

3. Establish a Common Data Environment (CDE):

• Create a Common Data Environment where both BIM and BMS data can be stored and accessed. This central repository ensures that all stakeholders have access to the most up-to-date information.

4. Coordinate Data Exchange Protocols:

• Define and coordinate data exchange protocols between BIM authoring tools and BMS platforms. This involves establishing communication protocols, APIs, or middleware that facilitate the seamless flow of information.

5. Embed BMS Data in BIM Models:

• Integrate BMS data directly into BIM models. This may include equipment specifications, sensor data, and maintenance schedules. Embedding BMS data enhances the accuracy of BIM models and ensures that they reflect real-time building conditions.

6. Utilize COBie (Construction Operations Building Information Exchange):

• Implement the COBie standard for exchanging facility information between the construction phase (BIM) and the operational phase (BMS). COBie facilitates the transfer of structured information, including equipment details and maintenance requirements.

7. Collaborate during Design and Construction:

• Foster collaboration between BIM and BMS teams during the design and construction phases. This ensures that BMS requirements are considered in the BIM model, and potential integration challenges are addressed early in the process.

8. Implement BIM-Focused Asset Tagging:

• Employ asset tagging in the BIM model that aligns with BMS asset identification. Consistent asset tagging facilitates easy mapping of BIM components to corresponding elements in the BMS, streamlining the integration process.

9. Establish BMS Data Feedback Loop:

• Create a feedback loop where data collected by BMS is fed back into the BIM model. This loop enables continuous improvement and ensures that the BIM model remains an accurate representation of the building’s operational status.

10. Provide Training for Stakeholders:

• Train relevant stakeholders, including facility managers and BIM modelers, on the integrated workflow. Ensure that they understand how to access and utilize information from both BIM and BMS systems effectively.

11. Conduct Regular Audits and Updates:

• Regularly audit the integration process and update protocols as needed. Building systems evolve over time, and keeping the integration robust requires periodic reviews and adjustments.

By following these steps, you can establish a cohesive integration between BIM and BMS, fostering better collaboration, data accuracy, and overall efficiency in building operations and maintenance.

Do’s and Don’ts of BMS Implementation

Do’s:

1. Conduct a Thorough Energy Audit:

   • Do perform a comprehensive energy audit before implementing the BMS. Understanding energy usage patterns will guide the system in optimizing efficiency.

2. Prioritize Cybersecurity Measures:

   • Do prioritize cybersecurity. Implement encryption and other security measures to protect sensitive data and ensure the BMS is secure against potential cyber threats.

3. Invest in Scalable Solutions:

   • Do choose a scalable BMS solution. This allows for future expansions or modifications without the need for significant overhauls.

4. Provide Comprehensive Training:

   • Do invest in training programs for BMS operators. Well-trained staff can maximize the potential of the system, troubleshoot issues, and ensure smooth day-to-day operations.

5. Integrate with IoT:

   • Do explore the integration of the BMS with the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT connectivity enhances data collection for more informed decision-making and improved system performance.

6. Establish Regular Maintenance Schedules:

   • Do establish regular maintenance schedules for the BMS. Routine checks and updates prevent potential issues and keep the system running optimally.

7. Implement User-Friendly Interfaces:

   • Do choose a BMS with user-friendly interfaces. Intuitive design empowers operators to navigate the system efficiently and make informed decisions.

8. Encourage User Feedback:

   • Do establish a feedback mechanism. Regularly gather input from building operators and occupants to identify areas for improvement and ensure the BMS meets evolving needs.

9. Enable Remote Monitoring and Control:

   • Do consider a BMS that allows for remote monitoring and control. Remote capabilities facilitate troubleshooting and adjustments, enhancing overall system functionality.

10. Ensure Regular System Updates:

    • Do ensure regular updates for the BMS. Keeping the system up-to-date with the latest software enhances performance and security.

Don’ts:

1. Neglect Cybersecurity:

   • Don’t neglect cybersecurity. Failing to implement robust security measures puts the BMS and sensitive data at risk.

2. Overlook Regular Maintenance:

   • Don’t overlook regular maintenance. Neglecting system updates and checks can lead to issues that may disrupt building operations.

3. Ignore Operator Training:

   • Don’t ignore operator training. Well-trained staff are essential for maximizing the benefits of the BMS and ensuring its effective use.

4. Choose Inflexible Solutions:

   • Don’t choose inflexible BMS solutions. Opt for systems that can adapt to future changes and accommodate the evolving needs of the building.

5. Disregard User Experience:

   • Don’t disregard the user experience. User-friendly interfaces are crucial for the effective operation of the BMS and the quick resolution of any issues.

6. Underestimate the Importance of IoT Integration:

   • Don’t underestimate the importance of IoT integration. Leveraging IoT capabilities enhances the BMS’s ability to collect valuable data for better decision-making.

7. Neglect Energy Efficiency:

   • Don’t neglect energy efficiency. Failing to conduct an energy audit may result in missed opportunities to optimize energy usage.

8. Avoid Remote Monitoring Capabilities:

   • Don’t avoid implementing remote monitoring capabilities. Remote access is valuable for timely responses to issues and efficient system management.

Common Challenges and Effective Solutions in Building Management:

1. Integration Issues:

• Challenge: Integrating diverse systems such as HVAC, lighting, and security into a cohesive Building Management System (BMS) can pose challenges, leading to interoperability issues.
• Solution: Employ standardized communication protocols and middleware to ensure seamless integration. Regular testing during the implementation phase can identify and address integration issues early on.

2. Energy Inefficiency:

• Challenge: Inefficient energy usage can result from suboptimal control strategies or outdated equipment.
• Solution: Utilize BMS features to implement demand-based control, predictive scheduling, and continuous monitoring. Regular energy audits can identify areas for improvement, leading to more efficient energy usage.

3. Cybersecurity Risks:

• Challenge: As BMS becomes more connected, the risk of cybersecurity threats increases, potentially compromising sensitive building data.
• Solution: Implement robust cybersecurity measures, including encryption, secure access controls, and regular security audits. Keep software and firmware up to date to address known vulnerabilities.

4. Lack of Standardization:

• Challenge: Lack of standardization in BMS technologies and protocols can hinder interoperability and create challenges in system maintenance and upgrades.
• Solution: Advocate for industry-wide standards and ensure that the selected BMS solution complies with these standards. This promotes compatibility and facilitates future expansions or upgrades.

5. Insufficient Training:

• Challenge: Inadequate training for BMS operators can lead to underutilization of system capabilities and inefficient building management.
• Solution: Provide comprehensive training programs for operators, focusing on both the technical aspects of the BMS and effective utilization of its features. Ongoing training ensures operators are equipped to handle evolving system needs.

6. Data Privacy Concerns:

• Challenge: The collection and storage of building data raise concerns about privacy and data security.
• Solution: Implement policies and procedures to address data privacy concerns. Anonymize or encrypt sensitive data, and communicate transparently with building occupants about data usage and security measures.

7. Limited Scalability:

• Challenge: BMS solutions that lack scalability can become obsolete as building needs evolve.
• Solution: Choose a BMS with scalability in mind, capable of accommodating changes in building size, structure, or system requirements. Regularly review and upgrade the BMS to ensure it aligns with evolving needs.

8. High Initial Costs:

• Challenge: The upfront costs associated with implementing a BMS can be substantial.
• Solution: Conduct a cost-benefit analysis to demonstrate the long-term savings and benefits of a BMS. Explore financing options or incentives available for energy-efficient upgrades to alleviate initial financial burdens.

9. Resistance to Change:

• Challenge: Resistance from building operators or occupants to adopt new technologies and practices.
• Solution: Foster a culture of openness and communication. Provide education on the benefits of BMS, involve stakeholders in the decision-making process, and address concerns to facilitate a smoother transition.

10. Lack of Regular Maintenance: – Challenge: Neglecting regular maintenance can lead to system failures, reduced efficiency, and increased operational costs. – Solution: Establish a proactive maintenance schedule, including software updates, equipment checks, and system audits. Regular maintenance ensures the BMS operates optimally and minimizes the risk of unexpected issues.

Addressing these common challenges with effective solutions contributes to the successful implementation and sustained efficiency of Building Management Systems. Regular assessments and a commitment to continuous improvement are key to overcoming evolving challenges in building management.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a Building Management System is a game-changer for efficient building operations. From optimizing energy usage to enhancing occupant comfort, the benefits are undeniable. By following our tips and guidelines, you can ensure a successful BMS implementation that aligns with the unique needs of your facility. Embrace the future of building management with a robust BMS!